Human Trafficking A Controversial Issue For Many Years

Human trafficking has been a controversial issue for many years. There are different types of trafficking, which helps makes it a widely diverse issue. In Thailand, traffickers rely on the poor desperate people of other countries as well as their own to fulfill their needs financially, physically, and emotionally. Thailand has various reasons why they use human trafficking; sex exploitation, forced labor, and obtaining their organs for an organ transplant. Sex exploitation has been used by mainly men for a long time. They choose both women and children to violate, sometimes even men. The prettier the woman is the more she is worth. All men, woman, and children could be forced into labor. This varies from what the owner wants from them. People can also choose to go and work for them because they think this is their only way of making money, but they usually do not see much of it. Finally, others purchase them just for their organs. There are very long waiting lists on some o rgans, by the time one comes about the person in need of the organ has already passed away. There are a number of steps and reasons that are involved in human trafficking. With all of these issues of; sex exploitations, and forced labor, and organ trafficking, the trafficked can become physically and mentally injured. Humans have been justifying Human Trafficking for decades. They use it for a number of reasons such as; sex, forced labor, organs, or anything else the owners of the humans want.Show MoreRelatedHuman Trafficking Laws Tougher Of Texas Essay1463 Words   |  6 PagesTo fully understand the controversies regarding making human trafficking laws tougher in Texas, it is essential to analyze the various views regarding the issue and its history to be able to see how the problem arose. Such views include discussions of laws like Tex. Penal Code  §20A.02, where it â€Å"Establishes trafficking as a second-degree felony with a sentence of two to 20 years imprisonment. If the persons trafficked or transported are under the age of 14, or if the commission of the offense resultsRead MoreImmigration Is A Major Controversial Issue1471 Words   |  6 PagesImmigration is a major controversial issue in today’s government. Some important matters include national security, the economic wei ght, escalation in drug and weapons trafficking, and human trafficking. Immigration is both beneficial and detrimental to many people, and our country. In my opinion the foremost concern regarding Immigration is National Security. â€Å"More than 10 million undocumented aliens currently reside in the U.S., and that population is growing by 700,000 per year† (Johnson and Kane)Read MoreChild Sex Trafficking877 Words   |  4 PagesWhen some people hear the expression â€Å"child sex trafficking† inevitably unspeakable thoughts come to mind, others are unaware this is even happening. Sex trafficking is a serious criminal issue taking place within the borders of the United States, but on the outside of these boarders this crime stands as a reliable source of income for those who participate. Although child sex trafficking is a local crime it is obvious that multiple nations have different viewpoints on the topic. The problem at handRead MoreBecoming A United States Citizen1075 Words   |  5 PagesBecoming a United States citizen is such a difficult task that many immigrants are crossing the border illegally. Today, the naturalization process is a large controversial topic. To become a citizen one has to go through a series of tests including topics about US government, language, and civics. One has to be able to speak and understand English which can be extremely difficult as a second language. Because it is so difficult to becoming a citizen or let alone enter a country with certain permissionsRead MoreHuman Trafficking is Becoming One of the Largest Criminal Enterprises in the US1638 Words   |  7 Pagesthe words â€Å"human trafficking† are heard, most people have mental images of young girls and women being beaten and abused (Walker-Rodriguez and Hill, 2011). Often times people’s mental images automatically assume that these victims of human trafficking are from Eastern Europe, Asia and Africa (Walker-Rodriguez and Hill, 2011). Unfortunately, human trafficking is a global issue (Jac-Kucharski) and happens everyday in the cities and towns surrounding us. Unfortunately, human tr afficking isn’t as easyRead MoreThe United States Immigration Policy1199 Words   |  5 Pages In the United States immigration has almost always been a controversial topic to discuss. James Madison wrote that Our kind reception of immigrants is very proper, but it is dictated more by benevolent [sic] than by interested consideration, though some of them seem to be very far from regarding the obligations as lying on their side(Madison, James) When Madison wrote this he had no clue of the problems that immigration could cause in the modern day United States in the last five to six decadesRead MoreThe Untold Story : Legalization Of Prostitution1308 Words   |  6 Pagesconsisted of mainly of women but also might have included children. In the United States, the public is blinded by a false representation of prostitution as it is considered a taboo and highly frowned upon and that can be attributed to how overconservative many Americans can be regarding the subject. However, our economy is at a difficult time and prostitution being legalized and regulated could work just like th e legalization of alcohol in the early 1930s, it must be operated like any business. ProstitutionRead MorePortugal s Criminal Justice System1440 Words   |  6 Pagescriminal law. In the courts of Portugal, like the U.S. offenders have the right to get an attorney given by law if they can’t afford one. Here in the United States offenders have the right to defend themselves in a court trial. The U.S. provides the same human right if not more than Portugal. Harry Dammer and Jay Albanese (2013), in Comparative Criminal Justice System states, â€Å" The right to an attorney, the right to remain silent, the right to be free of unwarranted searches, and arrests..† (Dammer AlbaneseRead MoreProstitution Is A Single Right Definition For Prostitution1167 Words   |  5 Pagesexistent. It’s legal in many parts of the world and it has always been debated whether or not it should be legalized here in the US. There are many aspects to look when determining whether it is the right or wrong thing to legalize prostitution. But first we have define what exactl y is prostitution. There’s not a single right definition for prostitution. We could look at the dictionary definition that’s the transfer of money for sexual activity. However, there could be many types of prostitution.Read MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1354 Words   |  6 Pagespros and cons of prostitution being legalized. Central Idea: There are various valid points on both side of the controversial issue of prostitution. I. Introduction Attention-Getter. The only reason I d lift my skirt is to pull a pistol and plug you in the head. Reveal the Topic. Should prostitution be legalized? C. Audience Motivation. Most human beings enjoy sex, but how do you feel about people having to pay for it? D. Qualifications/Credibility. After substantial research

Identification of Active Compounds Free Essays

Some plants have more than one chemical as an active principle responsible for their biological properties. Phytochemical tests was done to find the presence of the active chemical constituents such as alkaloid, glycosides, flavonoids, reducing sugars, triterpenes, phenolic acid and tannis. Detailed Phytochemical screening was carried out as per standard methods. We will write a custom essay sample on Identification of Active Compounds or any similar topic only for you Order Now (Kokate, 2000; Habone, 1999; Tiwari et al., 2011). Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Analysis: To find the bioactive compound in the extracts and their quantification, it was further analyzed by GC/Ms. The various crude extracts of the plants were analyzed by using a Shimadzu, 2010 equipped with a splitless mode injector system,a flame photometric detector and a TRB 5 MS capillary column with 30m length,0.25 mm internal diameter and 0.25 um stationary film thickness prepared from Phenomenex was used for determination of biopesticide. The oven temperature was hold at 50? for 1 min then programmed at 25 ?/min to 125? ,from 125? to 300? at the rate of 10oC/min and finally holds for 15 min. The minimum detection limit of GC-MS for the determination of pesticide was 0.1ppb.The total time for one GC run was 30 min.Other operating conditions were as follows:ultra pure helium,passed through a molecular sieve trap and trap oxygen was used as the carrier gas at constant linear velocity of 40.7 cm/sec. The injection port temperature was 250?and used in splitless mode at ratio of 10:00.The detector temperature was hold at 280?.A hydrogen generator instrument was applied to supply hydrogen gas for flame photometric detector (FPD)at a flow of 1.22ml/min . The percentage composition of the crude extract constituents was expressed as a percentage by peak area. Total GC running time was. Interpretation on mass spectrum GC-MS was conducted using the database of national institute of standard and technology (NIST). The mass spectrum of the unknown component was compared with the spectrum of the known components stored in the NIST Library. Results:There are several factors that can interfere qualitatively and quantitatively in the results, in the metabolites presence, one of them can be seasonal factor, which may be considered as the period of seed collection. The present study made an effort to screen for its photochemicals the photochemical screening of methanolic extract of piper nigrum showed maximum number of metabolites like alkaloid, flavanoids, carbohydrates, proteins, phenols, phytosterols, tannins in table 1. Table No1: Photochemical screening of Piper NigrumS. No Phytochemicals Test Performed Result1. Alkaloids Hager’s testMayer’s Reagent Positive2. Carbohydrates Molish test Positive3. Saponins Froth test Negative4. Glycosides Borntager,s test Negative5. ProtienAmino acids Biuret’s Test Positive6. Phytosterol Libermann –Burchard’test Negative7. Phenolic compounds Ferric chloride test compounds Positive8. Flavonoids Alkaline Reagent testLead Acetate test Positive9. Terpenoids Salkowski’s test Positive10. Tannins Neutral FeCl3 PositiveFg: GC-MS Chromatogram of Piper Nigrum L. Table 2: Quantitaive analysis of P.Nigrum: Name Conc(%) Ret.Time m/z Area1. 3-Carene 7.846 3.574 93.00 9772. Delta-3-carene 18.671 3.655 93.00 23253. Alpha –Limonene 1.233 3.828 93.00 1554. Cinene 15.492 3.903 93.00 23125. Beta-Linalool 1.328 5.049 71.00 1656. Delta-Elemene 11.678 10.100 121.00 14547. Ylangene 0.418 10.420 121.00 528. Copaene 6.270 11.048 105.00 7819. Levo-beta-Elemene 1.222 11.390 93.00 15210. Caryophyllene 32.261 12.117 69.00 401911. Alpha Caryophyllene 7.053 12.919 93.00 87812. Alpha-Curcumene 0.557 13.473 73.00 8313. Eudesma-4(14),11-diene 0.749 13.684 93.00 9314. Alpha-Selinene 0.561 13.879 189.00 6915. Beta-Bisabolene 0.426 14.104 69.00 5316. Delta-Cadinene 2.335 14.441 161.00 29017. Caryophylleneoxide 1.110 15.953 43.00 13818. Myristyl chloride 0.614 16.049 43.00 7619. Ledol 0.097 16.558 43.00 1220. (-)-Spathulenol 3.700 17044 43.00 46021. Ar-tumerone 3.657 17.740 83.00 455In the present study ,the chemical profile of black pepper was identified using GC-MS.GC-MS investigation revealed that 21 compounds are identified in Black pepper extract . The major components of black pepper were caryophyllene (32.261),delta.3-carene (18.671) as well as Cinene(15.492) as indicated in Table 2.DiscussionStudies have reported that the spicy tang of pepper is due to the presence of piperamides which are the pungent bioactive alkaloids accumulate in the skin and seeds of fruit.(Nahak and Sahu, 2011) reported the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, phenol, essential oil and protein in Piper nigrum.The result of the study corroborates with findings of (Zahira et al.,2016) which shows alkaloid,flavanoid,carbohydrates,tannins,proteins,phenols,phytosterols,while terpeniods and saponins were absent.(Priya and Sarvana 2016) Revealed the presence of 15 components of blackpepper out of that highest integrated percentage of Aspartic acid is present and moderate amout of Limonene,Betasteosterol,and Asarinin.Previous study on GC-MS analysis were carried by (Morshed et al.,2017 )they reported that the Carophyllene ,Limonene and camphene were major components in oil of blacl pepper which were close to our findings. The differences are probably due to various geographic and ecological conditions.ConclusionThe phytochemical screening of methanolic extract of black pepper decleared the presence of many phytochemical components.The GC-MS analysis showed a number of components.The present study may be useful for further study in future to explore the biosynthetic activity of black pepper. How to cite Identification of Active Compounds, Papers

Legal Aspects of International Trade

Question: Discuss about the Legal Aspects of International Trade. Answer: Introduction This essay presents an analysis of business and corporations law by examining the various general functions and impacts of the law on conglomerates. The purpose of this paper is identifying a multinational company with its operations in Australia with the aim of unpacking the regulatory frameworks the company operates within. The paper also examines the impact of the various laws of Australia on the multinational company. This study is divided into three segments. The first part of the paper provides a brief description of the chosen company including the industry, within which the company operates, the global and Australian number of staff, and the location of the conglomerates global headquarters. The second part of the paper identifies and discusses the regulatory framework affecting the company in Australia and how it affects the company. The final part of the study presents a discourse of the impact of international conventions, agreements and treaties on the multinational compa nys products and services. The researcher chose BHP Billiton for the purposes of the above-described discourse. BHP Billiton BHP Billiton is one of the biggest global producers of key products such as uranium, copper, metallurgical coal, and iron ore. The company also has substantial interests in energy coal, oil and gas (BHP Billiton Limited 2016, p.1). Although the company falls within the overarching mining industry, this paper focuses mainly on the petroleum aspect of the multinational conglomerate. As such, the company falls within the Australian oil and gas industry. Furthermore, the oil and gas industry is heavily regulated with numerous law regimes in the six territories of Australia. Therefore, the extent of this present paper is not sufficient to cover the whole breadth of the regulatory framework of this industry. This paper, hence, provides a general review of the national and international regulatory frameworks and their impacts on the multinational company. BHP Billiton is majorly involved in the extraction and processing of oil, gas and minerals from their production operations, which are mainly located in the Americas and Australia. The companys global headquarters are located in Melbourne, Australia. The structure of the multinational company is Dual Listed, having two parent companies conducted as a singular economic entity. The companys management and Board are run in a unified manner. BHP Billiton has a worldwide staff of over 65,000 employees and contractors working in over 91 locations in different countries (BHP Billiton Limited 2016, p.38). As of June 2016, the company had 26,827 Australian employees and this figure is inclusive of all the employees within the subsidiaries controlled by the company (Ibisworld.Com.Au 2016). The company makes resource discoveries through Greenfield and Brownfield exploration and also considers divestment and acquisition opportunities to enhance their portfolio. In developing their options, the company then conducts evaluation, planning and investment in infrastructure and utilizes a rigorous and robust process in decision making (BHP Billiton Limited 2016, p.12). The preceding is the followed by extraction, processing as well as transportation of the products. With regard to the logistical and marketing design, the company manages distribution of their products via a global chain that includes pipelines and freight transportation. The sale of the companys products is then conducted via direct supply agreements. The company makes government payments that total up to US$3.7 billion, US$178.7 million in social investment, US$3.6 billion on employees, US$5.2 billion on shareholders and US$14.0 billion to suppliers. The total economic contribution of the multinational company amounts to US$26.7 billion (BHP Billiton Limited 2016, p.12). Among the countries within which the multinational corporation operates includes the United States, Pakistan, Chile, Algeria, the UK, Peru, Canada, Colombia, Malaysia, Singapore, Trinidad and Tobago, and Brazil. Australian Regulatory Frameworks Affecting BHP Billiton The Government of Australia acknowledges the significance and necessity of a regulatory framework to keep up with the developments in the financial market. The Government of Australia accomplished in 2001, major reform of the Corporations law and the aim of the said reform was to streamline regulation while keeping with investor protection and market integrity (PWC 2017). It is noteworthy that the Constitution of Australia confers powers upon the Federal Parliament to legislate on maters taxation, foreign investment and international trade. The following is a brief outline of the regulatory frameworks within Australia that affect BHP Billiton, which is registered in the United Kingdom. With regard to foreign investment, the Foreign Investment Review Board (FIRB) is the body charged with the duty of examining foreign persons proposals for undertaking direct investments in the country (PWC 2017). The non-statutory board makes recommendations to the Australian Government as to whether the corporations satisfy the requirements of the Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act 1975 (FATA) and the Foreign Investment Policy of the Government. A foreign person can either be a corporation or a natural individual that holds a substantial interest. A substantial foreign interest is where the corporation owns over 15 percent of the voting or ownership rights. BHP Billiton is, hence, a multinational company that is subject to the FIRB and FATA approval. The Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) is the body responsible for incorporating companies and a corporation such as BHP would then be issued with an Australian Company Number (ACN). Foreign companies are required by law to establish a subsidiary Australian company. The general law that governs companies in Australia is the Corporations Act 2001. The Act contains provisions with respect to Australian branches, incorporation, among other business related provisions of corporations. For the purposes of direct income tax, a company is an Australian resident if it is either incorporated within the country or if not, carries on business in Australia. BHP Limited is therefore liable for payment of a 30 percent corporate tax of all it global assessable income (PWC 2017, p.22). BHP Billiton is also subject to incentives for capital investments issued by the government. For capital expenditures that were incurred on petroleum exploration after 14th May 2013, deductions on 15 years or less are applicable. However, mining rights costs that were directly acquired from the government are subject to an outright deduction. With regard to indirect tax, multinational or foreign corporations are liable for stamp duty and land taxes. Furthermore, a company such as BHP is liable for payroll tax, which is the tax that is levied upon employers on salaries made to employees and contractors. Moreover, this tax is exacted regardless of the source of employee payments either local or foreign payroll (PWC 2017, p.22). This tax is charged at rates ranging from 4.75% - 6.85%. By virtue of the provisions of the Customs Act 1901, a general 5 percent duty tax is payable for importation and exportation of goods into Australia. The goods and services of BHP Billiton are furthermore subject to a 10 percent Goods and Services Tax (GST). This tax is also payable during importation at the same rate. Petroleum Resource Rent Tax is also payable by companies in the Oil and Gas industry, charged at a rate of 30 percent on projects of over 30 million barrels (Minter 2013, p.11). BHP Billiton is also subject to the Taxation of Foreign Arrangements (TOFA) rules. Those rules prescribe ways of timing and recognizing foreign exchange losses and gains for the purposes of taxation. TOFA rule are applicable to foreign currency bank accounts. Multinational corporations are also affected by Australian employment laws such as the Fair Work Act 2009. The legislation contains numerous provisions important to BHP and among them includes the Minimum National Wage and the National Employment Standards. Other work related regulations that impact BHP Billiton include occupational health and safety legislation (mostly based on a unified regime) and the Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992. The Superannuation law, for instance, requires employers to contribute certain amounts to their employees, failure to which the employers become liable of paying a charge. With regard to the offshore petroleum industry, the Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 and its accompanying regulations provides the internal regulatory framework within the commonwealth waters. That Act provides for power sharing between the states and the government. Treaties, Conventions and Agreements that Impact on BHP Billitons Products and Services There are several treaties and conventions that impact the mining industry in general. However, this paper focuses on the Conventions, Treaties and Agreements that impact the Oil and Gas Industry in Australia. Scholars argue that the sheer influence, modus operandi and organizational structure of multinational corporations make them immune to conventional regulation methods (Deva 2004, p.39). In this regard, the international community still grapples with whether to adopt a home state or host state legal responsibility. With respect to regulation, debates are presented as to who conducts the regulation, which institution enforces and how regulations should be enforced against the corporations that fail to adhere to regulations. In general, regulation of multinational corporations can either be internal, external or both. Against this backdrop, the following section presents a brief overview of the international conventions, treaties and agreements that impact the oil and gas industry. By virtue of Article 38 of the Statute of the International Court of Justice, international conventions, customs and principles form part of municipal law. Accordingly, all conventions to which Australia is a party, will be binding upon all corporations incorporated within Australia. Furthermore, following the arguments in the preceding paragraph, all international treaties to which the host countries of BHP are a party are binding upon the multinational company. It is significant to note that Australia is a dualist state and this means that treaties are applied indirectly in national law and not directly. Treaties must be ratified by Parliament before they can form part of municipal law (Sloss 2011, p.4). Courts can also utilize judicial power to protect the rights of parties that are based on treaties. Since BHP Billiton is registered in England and Wales with its registered offices in Australia, it is bound by the treaties to which Australia is a party. However, even in the absenc e of incorporation of conventions, courts have determined that in certain instances, officials may take into account the provisions of international agreements (Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh 1995). Treaties and Conventions The overarching international convention with regard to oil spills is the United Nations Convention on Law of the Sea. It provides the rights and duties of states in authorizing and regulating oil production and exploration (Allen 2011, p.90). Australia ratified that treaty in 1994. The International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1992 is another treaty that establishes liability and compensation mechanisms in the event of oil spills from tankers ratified by the Protection of the Sea (Civil Liability) Act 1981. The International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Oil Pollution Damage 1992 is also a convention that provides for the contribution of oil companies in compensation of costs incurred as a result of oil spills. It was ratified by the Protection of the Sea (Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Act 1993. Agreements The Australia United States Free Trade Agreement (AUSFTA) is an agreement that impacts multinational organizations with respect to foreign investment. Under that agreement, the United States is an investor even if the entity itself is not US-based but carries on business there. The Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North Atlantic 1992 (OSPAR Convention) is a Regional Agreement applicable in the North East Atlantic region. Article 35 expressly deals with oils spills. Conclusion This paper has discussed the internal and external regulatory framework of the oil and gas industry in light of BHP Billiton Limited. It is clear that enforcing international law on multinational companies, however, is difficult due to the challenges expressed in the paper. However, the internal regulations of multinational companies, as discussed, are robust and formidable. References Cases Minister of State for Immigration and Ethnic Affairs v Teoh (1995) 128 ALR 353 Statutes Fair Work Act 2009 Australia Foreign Acquisitions and Takeovers Act 1975 Australia (Cth) Offshore Petroleum and Greenhouse Gas Storage Act 2006 Australia (Cth) Protection of the Sea (Civil Liability) Act 1981 (Cth) Protection of the Sea (Oil Pollution Compensation Fund) Act 1993 Australia (Cth) The Corporations Act 2001 Australia (Cth) The Customs Act 1901 Australia The Superannuation Guarantee (Administration) Act 1992 Australia (Cth) Treaties Australian Government, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Australia United States Free Trade Agreement, entry into force January 1, 2005 [2005] ATS 1, accessed April 20, 2017, https://www.info.dfat.gov.au/Info/Treaties/treaties.nsf/AllDocIDs/7DED2CE49FDACEC5CA256EAF00277EF4. Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North Atlantic 1992, adopted 22 September 1992, 2354 UNTS 67 1993 (entered into force 25 March 1998) (OSPAR Convention) International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 1992 as amended in 2002 with effect from 2003 973 UNTS 3 (entered into force 19 June 1975). International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Oil Pollution Damage 1992 (Fund Convention). United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature 10 December 1982, 1833 UNTS 3 (entered into force 16 November 1994) (UNCLOS) Other Sources Allen, J., 2011. A Global Oil Stain-Cleaning Up International Conventions for Liability and Compensation for Oil Exploration/Production.Austl. NZ Mar. LJ,25, p.90. BHP Billiton Limited, 2016,BHP Billiton Annual Report. Annual Report 2016. Melbourne, viewed 20 April 2017, https://www.bhpbilliton.com/media-and-insights/reports-and-presentations/2016/09/2016-annual-reporting-suite. Deva, S., 2004. Acting Extraterritorially to Tame Multinational Corporations for Human Rights Violations: Who Should Bell the Cat.Melb. J. Int'l L.,5, p.37. Ibisworld.Com.Au 2016, BHP Billiton Limited Retail viewed 20 April 2016, https://www.ibisworld.com.au/australian-company-research-reports/mining/bhp-billiton-limited-company.html Minter, Ellison 2013, Oil and Gas in Australia and New Zealand, viewed 20 April 2017, https://www.minterellison.com/files/Uploads/OilandGas_FB/files/assets/common/downloads/publication.pdf. PWC n.d., Doing business in Australia: An introductory guide, viewed 20 April 2017, https://www.pwc.de/de/internationale-maerkte/assets/doing-business-in-australia.pdf. Sloss, D 2011, Domestic Application of Treaties.

Rhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence Essay Example

Rhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence Paper Thomas Jefferson, Founding Father and the third president of the United States of America, in his letter â€Å"The Declaration of Independence† (1776) argues that the thirteen colonies must demand freedom from Great Britain. To support his conclusion, Jefferson makes changes in between his rough draft and final draft in punctuation, grammar, and the overall connotation of his words. Jefferson’s purpose is to establish America’s Independence from Great Britain in order to earn their Rights of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness. Jefferson’s audience is not only King George the Third, but also the people of America. In Thomas Jefferson’s letter â€Å"The Declaration of Independence†, he uses the changes from his rough draft to his final draft to formalize and to make the document more professional, while keeping it simple. The changes that made the document formal included: punctuation, grammar, connotation, and the capitalization of words. The punctuation and grammar made the document proper. The connotations, or an idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing, improves the sentences. The capitalizations of words emphasized how important the words were. One significant change is the capitalization of words. The rough draft does not capitalize words like â€Å"Nature†, â€Å"Laws†, and â€Å"Systems of Government†. The final draft capitalizes these words because they need to be emphasized and noticeable because they are very important. The rough draft does not make the words look significant. Another significant change was the connotation. We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Rhetorical Analysis of the Declaration of Independence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The rough draft had the phrase, â€Å"We hold these truths to be sacred and undeniable†, and while the final draft states â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident and undeniable†. The word â€Å"sacred† transformed to â€Å"self-evident†, this is one form of connotation. Connotation is an idea or meaning suggested by or associated with a word or thing. The connotations in the final draft improve the sentences in â€Å"The Declaration of Independence†. The grammar and punctuation (improves the final draft) by making it more formal. Punctuation and grammar makes the document easier to understand. There are many run-on sentences. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal and independent†¦their safety and happiness† is a long run-on sentence. In the rough draft it states â€Å"he has plundered our seas, ravaged our coasts, burnt our towns and destroyed the lives of our people†, but in the final draft it adds the comma after â€Å"towns† to emphasize and make the sentences proper. These additions made this document become professional. In conclusion, the changes that took place in between the rough and final draft made the letter look advanced and well qualified. The punctuation and grammar improves and makes the letter proper. The capitalizations emphasize that the words are important. The connotations improved the letter, but overall the changes were a positive thing towards â€Å"The Declaration of Independence†. The document affected everyone, all over the United States then, and now, with the addition of the British.

How Content Can Catch Fire With Amplification Process With Heidi Cohen

How Content Can Catch Fire With Amplification Process With Heidi Cohen Do you do whatever you can to get a prospect’s attention? Many marketers actually miss the mark when it comes to connecting their customers and content. Today, we’re talking to Heidi Cohen, chief content officer of Actionable Marketing Guide. She describes how you can build momentum to keep your content visible, consumable, and actionable. Also, Heidi shares a method to follow for your content’s amplification and distribution process. Difference between distribution and promotion of content Distribution Method: Ignite (up to first three days): Build a network and spark participants’ interest and willingness to engage with and share your content Fuel (first month): Plan, manage, and schedule social media marketing to keep content fresh and visible; utilize many mediums (i.e. video, audio) Spread (ongoing): Road test content to determine what works or doesn’t to attract new people; perform audit to update content and get conversions Less than 60% of digital traffic is human; build relationships and be creative to reach humans who will share your content Ways to create new or keep content going include visuals/images, guest posts, build authority, get people involved, take content live, and go to conferences Links: Heidi Cohen Subscribe to Heidi Cohen’s Newsletter Hootsuite Buffer Aaron Orendorff How To Avoid The Most Costly Mistake In Influencer Marketing With Shane Barker Andy Crestodina Steve Dotto The Secret 3 Steps For Content Amplification And Distribution Success 5 Basic Content Types Customers Need How We Increased the Readership of Buffer’s Blog to Over 1.5 Million Visits Yale Appliance Brian Dean The New York Public Library on Instagram How to Network at a Conference: 101 Tips From Marketing’s Best Content Marketing World Gini Dietrich Write a review on iTunes and send a screenshot of it to receive a care package! If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Heidi Cohen: â€Å"You don’t want to have your promotions look like wallpaper meaning that no one sees them.† â€Å"Optimization is key because it’s not just that one shot in the dark.† â€Å"You’ve got to make sure that everything you create has‘connected content’.† â€Å"Keeping that content going is way cheaper than creating it again.† Im a big proponent of testing and tracking to get those incremental 10% improvements.

Women in Trucking By Women, For Women

Women in Trucking By Women, For Women It is never easy to be a woman in a male-dominated industry, particularly one that is also dangerous and isolated, like trucking. Over at the Roadmaster’s Driving School Blog, Ellen Voie is raising awareness for Women in Trucking (WIT), an organization formed in 2007 by women drivers seeking to support and aid one another. As minorities in the industry, women still face more safety concerns and logistics issues than male truckers. Women in Trucking provides self-defense presentations, secures association discounts with partners, and lobbies for loading docks and truck stops to provide more women-friendly amenities like bathrooms and personal hygiene products. Most importantly, WIT confronts the ingrained sexist attitudes that seek to deter women from entering the industry at all.To celebrate women in leadership roles, WIT also holds an annual â€Å"Influential Women in Trucking† event, sponsored by Navistar, and an annual â€Å"Salute to Women Behind the Wheel† e vent each March. They also feature guest bloggers monthly to share the personal stories of drivers across the country.Currently, 16% of WIT’s membership is comprised of men who want to show their support for female drivers, so whether you’re a man or a woman, consider joining Women in Trucking to demonstrate your commitment to leveling the playing field and welcoming new drivers with professional courtesy and respect.Check them out online at  womenintrucking.org.

Special needs in Forensic Mental Health-Women Essay

Special needs in Forensic Mental Health-Women - Essay Example It is interesting that the social worker sees her as "innocent" and that she feels that the drug and alcohol abuse has contributed to her being able to interact with her children. Although this may be true, there is another issue that should be addressed that include her fear of abandonment and anti-social behaviour. This behaviour, along with her ambivalence towards her children could be an indication of an attachment injury that she received during the sexual abuse. Sue would not have been able to attach well to her parents because her father was bipolar and her mother suffered from chronic depression. Her parents history of mental illness would also mean that her parents were unable to bond with her or take care of even her basic needs. From the case study, the counsellor cannot ascertain whether Sue is mentally ill or whether the drugs and alcohol are responsible for her behaviour. She may be mentally impaired since her IQ results are within "borderline range of intellectual functioning," She could have mental retardation either intellectually or environmentally. Sue was raised by a depressed mother and a bipolar father. This indicates that her needs probably were not met as a child and that her home life was very erratic, so attachment may have happened but not in a very positive way. According to Sorbello, Eccleston, Ward & Jones (2002), female offenders who have been abused or neglected have a "higher rate of psychological dysfunction than men" (p. 200). For Sue, this is shown through her need for alcohol and drugs. Although the case study does not specifically comment on whether Sue is bipolar or suffering from depression, her drug and alcohol problems could be triggered by episodes of depression. This would be something that the mental health practitioner should examine. Because Sue was sexually abused as a child, this issue must be

Eithcs in finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Eithcs in finance - Essay Example In addition to this, we must establish what the rules of the game are and discuss ethics in business, including issues on deception and fraud. The Business Purpose The word business has a variety of meanings and could not simply be defined. Even in the Merriam- Webster online dictionary (2013), it has 10 possible meanings. Some of the few interesting descriptions of business include that it is a ‘purposeful activity’, ‘engaged in as a means of livelihood’, ‘transaction of an economic nature’, and ‘a serious activity requiring time and effort and usually the avoidance of distractions’. All aforementioned definitions are correct and are applicable in different business interests. Friedman (1970) mentioned that the primary purpose of business is to maximize profits. Whole Foods Market is a big natural and organic food company in the US. Its CEO, John Mackey agreed with this statement, but pointed out several good points to consider in his work in Conscious Capitalism. He introduced the purpose of business by first pointing out purposes of important profit- producing sectors in society. Doctors, for example, work to heal the sick. Teachers serve in lieu of educating the youth. Lawyers exist to advocate justice. All talk about promoting ‘public good’ and a ‘purpose beyond self- interest’, but how about business? Does it promote the same purpose? According to most economists, the purpose of business is to maximize pro?ts for the investors, but the major power in establishing business purpose lies on the entrepreneur. Mackey adds that in his experience, only a few entrepreneurs he knew engaged with a business purpose different from just ‘maximizing profit’, and reasons for choosing so were mostly personal (2007: 2). Verging into Entrepreneurship In 1987, Robert Goffee and Richard Scase defined entrepreneurs as ‘popular heroes’ since economic recovery in the 80â€⠄¢s was largely dependent on the ambitious efforts of fearless entrepreneurs. On the other hand, Robert D. Hisrich, PhD, Michael P. Peters, PhD, and Dean A. Shepherd, PhD provided the following definition for entrepreneurship: ‘Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial, psychic, and social risks, and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary and personal satisfaction and independence’ (2005). Entrepreneurs are risk- takers and innovators who deviate from the norm of being a wage employee and verge into being ‘their own boss’. Dr. Jyotsna Sethi of Small Industries India enumerates in her work Entrepreneurs and Entrepreneurship three stages in the entrepreneurial process in with the main goal of profit generation. Income generation is the first stage, which is the simplest done, part- time engagement to supplement income. Self- employment is the second stage, which entails involvement in one’s own occupation and requires fulltime involvement. These boils down to entrepreneurship, coined as the third and

ECH125 T5CulturalInstructionalStrategies Essay Example for Free

ECH125 T5CulturalInstructionalStrategies Essay Perdew Maria SEVEN-YEAR-OLD MARIA IS AN OUTGOING, HAPPY SECOND-GRADER WITH STRONG LITERACY SKILLS; IN FACT, SHE IS BILINGUAL, SPANISH/ENGLISH. HER FAVORITE PART OF SCHOOL IS READING AND WRITING STORIES. SHE ALSO ENJOYS MATH. SHE IS VERY ACTIVE AND ENJOYS RECESS AND CREATING DANCE STEPS IN PE. SHE IS SENSITIVE AND CAN GET HER FEELINGS HURT EASILY. CULTURAL (ANTI-BIAS) AND INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES: ?CULTURAL USE THE READING AND WRITING LOVE AND HAVE READING AND WRITING ASSIGNMENTS/ACTIVITIES IN SPANISH AND ENGLISH. ?INSTRUCTIONAL INTRODUCE MORE COMPLEX READING LEVELS, WORK ONE ON ONE WITH HER TO BEGIN WRITING STORY SUMMARIES AND IDENTIFYING THE MAIN IDEA. RESULTS OF MENTOR TEACHER DISCUSSIONS: WE DISCUSSED THE IMPORTANCE OR REALLY HORNING IN ON STUDENT’S STRENGTHS TO PUSH HER TO ENSURE THE STUDENT IS LEARNING SOMETHING NEW. Ashley SIX-YEAR-OLD ASHLEY IS THE YOUNGEST OF FIVE CHILDREN. SHE IS VERY SHY AND CLINGS TO HER OLDER SISTER EACH DAY WHEN SHE BRINGS HER INTO THE FIRST GRADE CLASSROOM. ASHLEY IS CURIOUS; HER FAVORITE PART OF SCHOOL IS DOING SCIENCE EXPERIMENTS. SHE READS AT A PRIMER LEVEL, BUT ENJOYS HAVING PEOPLE READ TO HER. CULTURAL (ANTI-BIAS) AND INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES: ?CULTURAL INTRODUCE STRATEGIES FOR HER TO FOCUS IN ON HER CURIOSITY AND BLOSSOM THROUGH HER LOVE FOR SCIENCE. ?INSTRUCTIONAL TURN FOCUS TO SIGHT WORDS AT HER LEVEL AND START WORKING ON GETTING HER INTO A TITLE READING GROUP SO SHE CAN GET THE EXTRA WORK IN READING. RESULTS OF MENTOR TEACHER DISCUSSIONS: WE TALKED ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF IDENTIFY WHEN A CHILD NEEDS EXTRA WORK SUCH AND A TITLE READING GROUP AND ABOUT HOW EVEN THOUGH THEY ARE IN A OUTSIDE READING GROUP THEY STILL NEED TO BE INVOLVED IN THE CLASSROOM READINGS ASÂ  WELL. Xavier XAVIER IS A KINDERGARTENER WHO REALLY ENJOYS SPORTS, PARTICULARLY BASEBALL. HE HAS LOW LITERACY SKILLS. HE IS VERY SOCIAL AND ENJOYS INTERACTIONS WITH OTHER CHILDREN DURING RECESS, CLASS ACTIVITIES, AND AT THE COMPUTER. HE IS A HANDS-ON LEARNER, CONFIDENT, AND A RISK-TAKER. CULTURAL (ANTI-BIAS) AND INSTRUCTIONAL STRATEGIES: ?CULTURAL USE HIS INTERESTS IN SPORTS AND COMPUTERS TO HELP KEEP HIM INTERESTED IN READING. ?INSTRUCTIONAL BUILD ON HIS CONFIDENCE AND HAVE HIM LEAD OTHERS STUDENTS WHEN Â © 2014. GRAND CANYON UNIVERSITY. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

The Butterfly Effect :: Personal Narrative Essays

The Butterfly Effect If you hold a piece of string between your hands you have an "end" in each hand, but in more ways than one each end can also be called a beginning: The beginning of the string, the beginning of the transition from string to hand, or the beginning of the transition from string to air. Quantum physics has taught us that nothing is absolutely any one thing. The string--be it nylon, hemp, or cotton--has electrons, and those electrons, busy critters, move, flux, and orbit, constantly redefining the space of that piece of string. The electrons of your hand, too, constantly shape and reshape your "personal space" by their activity. In the resultant intermingling of the subatomic parts of your body and the string you become, to some extent, an extension of that piece of string and it becomes a part of you. Astronomers speak of a similar idea called "The Mediocrity Principle." This idea says that, at this time, the view of the universe from earth is no better or no worse than from anywhere else in the universe. As Chet Raymo says in his book The Virgin and the Mousetrap: "We're cosmically mediocre." But because the universe continues to expand, there must have been a time when it began to expand. Though with today's technology they have no way of knowing when exactly this occurred, astronomers have formed a hypothetical idea called zero time. Even this, zero time, is not the beginning of the universe, however; that's just when it began to take its current shape. You can trace the evolution of a loaf of bread back to when it was just a lump of ingredients, and you can trace it to a time when the ingredients came together, but even beyond that all the ingredients were still there; they just hadn't come together yet. Cosmologists differ on what they think the universe was before the ingred ients came together or how they got there in the first place, but even the strictest of evolutionists believe in the literal truth of at least one bible passage: Ecclesiastes 1:9: "That which hath been is that which shall be; and that which hath been done is that which will be done: and there is nothing new under the sun." For the past twenty-five years or so Chaos Theory has been one of the hottest, most interesting fields of scientific study.

Management Fraud

Management Fraud Angela Battle Aiu Online Outline Types of Fraud Stealing Money, Computers, Inventory Trips on business expense Finding a business trip idea by traveling close to family Paying bills for personal accounts with business account Normally this would be a bookkeeper Reimbursements Turning in receipts for personal use and claiming it was a business expense. Why Does It Occur One bad habit leading to another Once fraud is committed once, they will attempt is a second time. Employee trying to borrow from the company without legitimate paperwork.Embezzlement often is a way of life for some people. Loss of time or money from job Impact of Fraud Fraud is not unusual Most companies will have to deal with some sort of fraud at some time or another Financial Loss The money or items that have been taken is a loss for the company. Cost of the Investigation It takes time and money to investigate any case and to hold litigations. Reputation The reputation of the company could be in da nger if the fraud is against something like Medicare or a government official. Could lead to a shut down and negative publicity Damaged MoraleDamaged relationships with employees and co-businesses Loss of Employees Protecting Against Fraud Have the right attitude Don’t believe that most employees won’t steal â€Å"We have auditors that will catch it† Hire Smart Know as much as possible about every employee before hiring. Employee Knowledge Allow employees to know that they could be audited and that the company is watching. Internal Controls Audit periodically External Controls Do external audits if something looks incorrect. Mr. Wellington should say: Fraud can and has hurt many companies over the years.One type of fraud is management fraud that has been found. There are many ways that fraud can happen, and it normally starts off with something small. This could be anything from money to computers to inventory that all belongs to the company. This company knows what to look for and will be explained to each one of you, so that you will know what steps to take and what we are protecting. There are several ways that this hurts the company. First of all, the merchandise or expenses have been spent, so that is money out the window.Second of all, the money that it takes to investigate these types of problems. This can ruin the reputation of the company which could lead to a company wide shut down. This would create job loss for everyone at the company, especially if it is a government fraud. If it does not shut the company down, it could create doubt in many of the good employees and they would quit. Some companies have the wrong attitude when it comes to fraud. They will make statements like â€Å"Most employees will not steal† (Lang, A. 2001). Unfortunately, under the right circumstances, if they are under enough pressure and they think that it is justified, the vast majority of employees will steal. John J. Hall, a well-known fraud ex pert, estimates that 95 percent of employees will commit fraud given the right circumstances† (Lang, A. 2001). It is important for the companies to stay on track and not to put anything past anyone. Ways to reduce this risk is to create internal audits periodically. If anything suspicious comes up, then bring in external auditors that will have no relationships with the employees.Setup boundaries for the employees so that they can only get onto approved parts of the systems. Make sure every employee has an up to date copy of the company hand book that will state the consequences of fraud. Things that I feel strongly that should be included: Management should always be looking at what their employees are doing while at work. This should be maintained at all times. The management should know when to audit and when to reach for outside support. Maintaining the integrity of the company is the main objective to create job security for all the employees.The employees need to know wh at the procedures that is in place and know what will happen to them if they commit fraud. They should be automatically terminated and prosecuted. There is a zero tolerance for fraud for anyone at the company, from the CEO down to the regular worker. The management team has to be audited as well because they have all access to business fund, such as credit cards and specialized accounts. They have been known to turn in receipt for reimbursements that were for personal pleasures. They are known to order laptops stating that it is for business purposes and it not to be.My favorite statement that I have found for this matter is â€Å"Unfortunately, under the right circumstances, if they are under enough pressure and they think that it is justified, the vast majority of employees will steal. John J. Hall, a well-known fraud expert, estimates that 95 percent of employees will commit fraud given the right circumstances† (Lang, A. 2001). This is how most employees feel when they are caught or while committing the crime. References Lang, A & Ricciardella, T (2001) Retrieved November 26, 2012 from: http://www. boardsource. org/dl. asp? document_id=19

Addressing Employee Motivation Essay

Executive Summary Tom was seen to have a loss of motivation at work which was investigated. An analysis showed the main cause to be a lack of communication from his manager, a need for role definition, and a lack of publicity for the success of his project initiative. Recommendation is for Tom’s manager to be informed so they are hopefully able to address these issues and retain and develop Tom’s skills. A problematic work situation relating to a HRM concept in Book 2 1.1 A description of the work problem Tom has a well paid job as a project manager. He created an idea and initiated a project to design and implement a website. After setting up the design and defining the stakeholders, without discussion, another person was brought in to chair the project meetings and keep track of actions for the software team. He felt a lack of clarity in his role and without clear guidance and credit did not feel motivated to push the project as hard as before. Weekly work hours fell back to a normal 40 hours from 50 or 60, and his other ideas were not pushed to management with the same enthusiasm. Motivation was clearly falling. This example relates to motivation and Session 1 of Book 2 can be used to analyse what motivates Tom to go to work. See more:  First Poem for You Essay 1.2 Analysis of my experience using my chosen concepts To understand Tom’s motivation level’s I have analysed his situation using Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs (1954) from session 1 (The Open University, B120 Book 2). According to Maslow, â€Å"a satisfied need is not a motivator†. Matching which needs are met on the pyramid of five categories will give an indication of which unmet need should be a motivator. Figure [ 1 ] Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs pyramid, and summary of Tom’s status within it. Figure 1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs pyramid, and summary of Tom’s status within it. According to Maslow’s theory, Tom has reached the 3rd level, but the lack of communication and feedback has stopped him achieving ‘Esteem’. Maslow states that â€Å"Not meeting these needs has a negative effect on our mental health† and this could explain the low motivation that Tom’s behaviour indicates. Tom was also under the impression that his idea and the quick success of the project would be publicised by his manager and would open up opportunities to be involved in other senior projects within the business. This did not materialise, and the senior management was not made aware of any plans to utilise Tom’s skills. In fact Tom’s manager was based in another country and was often not reachable for consultation either by phone or email. This expectation and its failure to materialise also causes low motivation, as explained in the concept of a ‘psychological contract’ from The Open University (2012). By applying this concept, we can understand that Tom had reason to believe that a successful project would lead to acknowledgement and higher esteem within the company, and even though this was not part of a formal employment contract. When this did not occur Tom felt his psychological contract had been violated, and that his hard work was inconsequential, leading to his low motivation to keep working hard. 1.3 Proposed solutions to the problem The analysis above has identified possible causes of Tom’s low motivation. With this understanding of these reasons, each can be addressed with the right actions. . * Problem : Low motivation, * caused by : Perceived low likelihood of achieving Esteem (on Maslow’s hierarchy) * caused by : lack of communication about tasks. * Classified as : Broken psychological contract If we can determine the cause for the broken contract, we may be able to restore Tom’s motivation to work hard. Also relevant is the Job Characteristic Model from Hackman and Oldham cited by The Open University (2012) which lists five core job characteristics that contribute to satisfying work. If Tom’s work is missing any of the core characteristics his attitude to his job could be affected. Figure [ 2 ]. Hackman & Oldham JCM The lack of regular communication between Tom and his manager suggests that there is insufficient â€Å"Feedback from the Job†. B120, Book 2, Study session 4, highlights the importance of â€Å"Constructive feedback†, which â€Å"involves praising strengths and achievements†. Arranging another person to chair project meetings could also mean that â€Å"Task Identity† was not clear. To solve these items, Tom’s manager should take the following actions: * clarify Tom’s role and tasks within the project * Provide regular opportunities for feedback and communication, including praise of achievements when applicable. * Publicise Tom’s contributions to raise his profile in the senior management team and allow development of his career. Relevant Web sites http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/tesco/motivational-theory-in-practice-at-tesco/maslow-and-herzberg.html (accessed 28-Nov-2012) This shows how a successful company has used Maslow’s hierarchy and Herzbergs two factor theory to try to keep employee motivation high. Herzberg could be summarised as â€Å"If you want people to do a good job for you, then you must give them a good job to do.† The Times is a reputable publisher which lends credence to this site, but this is a case study utilising the theories in this report, and not and original source. http://gmx.xmu.edu.cn/ews/business/management/chapter16.htm#what (accessed 28-Nov-2012) This site was chosen because it contains some interesting definitions of motivation factors, and summarises a collection of different theories on analysing motivation in employees. The information is not verified but some theories corroborate with other sources. References The Open University (2012) B120 An introduction to business studies, Book 2 ‘An introduction to human resource management in business’, Milton Keynes. Web source 1: http://businesscasestudies.co.uk/tesco/motivational-theory-in-practice-at-tesco/maslow-and-herzberg.html dated unknown (accessed 28-Nov-2012) Web source 2: http://gmx.xmu.edu.cn/ews/business/management/chapter16.htm#what dated unknown (accessed 28-Nov-2012)

Ethics in medicine essays

Ethics in medicine essays The pace of development in science and medicine is extremely rapid. Medicinal practices have advanced so far as to treat once devastating illnesses and have even evolved into a way to alter human genetic codes and structures. But when do these milestones cross the line of being ethical? How do we choose whether a medical or scientific breakthrough is morally right or dangerously wrong? Society can either reap the benefits of science or be presented with devastating results. Critics have viewed the development of atomic weapons as something that has caused far more problems than it has resolved. Some of them even consider some of their fellow colleagues discoveries tragedies rather than marvelous innovations. Bioethics is a combination of biology and diverse humanistic knowledge in scientific research for environmental and medical survival. Another way to define it would be to say that it is scientific research with a code of ethics. This concept helps scientists to produce ethical research that does more good than harm and is good for the community. Some people think science and medicine go too far in its developments and discoveries. However, whether or not scientific research appears ethical, to an extent, depends on the individuals personal desires, and could thus be the reason opinions differ on certain issues. Birth Control, life support systems, and abortion are controversial issues that science has brought up in society. Opposers to these issues have the tendency to believe that these scientific processes intervene with natural body processes and stages of life. They want these practices banned and fear long term consequences if they are not. While supporters of birth control believe it helps to prevent unwanted pregnancies as well as to dramatically control overpopulation, critics believe that it interferes with natural reproduction and has dangerous long term effects on a womens reproductiv...

A Comparison of Taylor and Fayol’s Management Theories

A Comparison of Taylor and Fayols Management Theories Introduction The purpose of this essay is to discuss the two management philosophies from Taylor’s and Henri Fayol’s. One management theory is focus on task while another is focus on people. Both theories have made contributions in modern management practices. We will discuss the theories and outline their efficiency and effectiveness in the current firms. FW Taylor Philosophy Taylor’s management theory focuses on task management. This theory is called â€Å"scientific management† or â€Å"Taylorism†. He found that two different workers performing the same task will have different outcome and the number of output. He categorized them as first class worker and average worker (Sheldrake J, 2003a). The first class workers are highly motivated and work efficiently rather than wasting time or restricting output. They are ideal works for many industries, but not all workers are first class workers, most of them are average workers. They only work slow an d easy until the wages they get paid. As the result, it drives down the production efficiency, because workers are not motivated. Thus, Tayloer’s task management develops the theory to show how to motivate workers toward a greater work performance and productivity. This theory is important to many industries firms; it helps them to using less time to increase more production efficiency. This management benefits firms create more output while still paying fair wage to the workers. The aim for this theory is to reduce inefficiency toward the output performance. Taylor suggested the wage levels based on output which means the workers will only be paid by the amount of their productivity. The more output they produced, the more wage they are paid. Thus, it drives their motivation toward a better standard. It doesn’t just increase the efficiency, but also reduce the working hours. There are seven approaches to improve the productivity in this theory. Select the appreciated workers and observe them to perform the tasks. Then record the time taken for each task and identify the quickest method. The last three are providing training, supervise workers to ensure the â€Å"best way† is carried out and pay workers on the basis of results (Stimpson P & F. A, 2010). In order to apply Taylor’s approaches, the task has to be specialized, so workers don’t have to be trained all the time and always under-supervised. However, Taylor’s task management has two advantages and two disadvantages. When we look at work specialization, it can increase the efficiency by using the minimum resources such as time or labor. It means that it is not helpful if the output is produced at the maximum outcome while waste many resources. Using minimum resources to produce the maximum result increases the work efficiency and also production efficiency. The other advantage from Taylor’s theory, a specialized work means a profession. The problems will be solved easily, because workers are clearly known what went wrong and how to solve the problems. Workers are always familiar with what they do, so they won’t waste time on finding out the solution for specific problem. Therefore, the work specialization doesn’t just explain the efficiency in outcome, but also increase the efficiency in process.

Legal Ascts of the Nursing - Homework # 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Legal Ascts of the Nursing - Homework # 3 - Essay Example Patient safety entails knowing and reducing factors that may cause medical errors, communication of any relevant patient information to other medical health care providers, and disclosure of patient information (Byers & Susan 84). In the case in question, health care provider’s responsibility of maintaining patient safety is on the limelight. This is because the patients and health care society view health care providers as quality and safety leaders. Among the different roles that a physician should execute, he or she should take part actively in practice-specific activities that result to patient safety (Byers & Susan 88). Though the doctors restrained Mr. Garcia to prevent self harm, they failed to provide a direct one-to-one observation to Mr. Garcia, who later escaped from the hospital. Therefore, Mr. Garcia’s escape from the hospital can be linked to the physicians’ failure to observe him closely. In addition, communication of relevant patient information to other health care practitioners is a principle eminent in the case. It is the responsibility of health care practitioners to inform other health care providers about a patient. In the case in question, the physicians would have informed other health care providers within the hospital (Byers & Susan, 94). This would have, to some degree, averted Mr. Garcia’s escape. In this case, the hospital and the staff members are the defendants. In law, a defendant refers to the individual or an entity against whom an action is brought in a court of law. The organization can be held liable for the death of Mr. Garcia due to the actions of the employees. The employees act as agents of the organizations and their actions amount to actions of the organization. However, the police can also be held liable to some extend for the death of Mr. Garcia. In this case, the physicians who are employees of the organization did not exercise full responsibility in ensuring Mr. Garcia’s

Wind Power Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wind Power - Essay Example World is facing major energy crisis due to the pollution attached to the presently available energy sources and technology. The commitment to develop clean energy sources is forcing economies to develop sustainable and clean power generation. Wind energy is a major source of clean power. It is important to mainstream this source of power as a clean alternative to support the power requirements. Use of wind as a reliable source of energy for various purposes like navigation, pumping water, grinding grains, sawing etc. is evident from the historical times. Wind is one of the cleanest sources of energy available in the world. The science of power generation from wind is rather simple. Earth is made of different materials, distributed unevenly all over the space and hence it absorbs heat from the sun with variance. During day, air over the land surface gets heated quickly than the air above water surface. Heating causes expansion of air and hence it becomes lighter and moves upwards and the heaver air replaces it causing wind. The process is reversed during night time, as air over the land surface gets cool quickly than the air above water surface. In simple words, wind is generated by movement of air between high pressure to low pressure area. In terms of energy flow, heat energy is converted into kinetic energy. Production of power from wind energy is quite interesti... Production of power from wind energy is quite interesting and it follows basic principles of energy conversion. Power is generated when the kinetic energy of the wind is converted to mechanical energy. This power could be used for generating electricity or power for running machines etc. Hence, wind power could be used for many purposes. The present day wind machines uses blades to collect the kinetic energy from the wind. When wind strikes the blades of the machines, it slow down the wind by capturing its energy and thus allows the blades to rotate. These blades are connected to a shaft at the centre which transfers its power to the electric generator to produce electricity. The interesting part is that in the entire process, there is no pollution involves with the process. Wind power is a potential form of renewable energy which is available to humankind. Although it has a long history, this source of energy is not mainstreamed due to lack of improved technology and huge production cost. Although developed much earlier, cheaper technologies were developed for power generation from alternate sources which alienated the use of wind power for commercial purposes. The cost factor had impacted this majorly. The major constrain of the wind power is the reliability factor as the power is generated only when there is wind. During lean period, one has to depend on other sources for power supply. This drawback makes it difficult for people to adopt this technology for daily use. The only alternative for this problem is to use other sources of power for the lean period. In the present scenario, energy is produced in the world from coal, crude oil, petroleum products, natural gas, nuclear, hydro, combustible renewables & waste etc. Most of these sources are

Video performance viewing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Video performance viewing - Essay Example The movement of the dancers can be seen to reflect this mood, especially through my favorite dance move during the ‘Jellicle’ Song. My favorite dance move would be the one, where majority of the cats come rushing into the foreground from the background, that is of an elevated platform, while some cats still remain on that platform. The sudden movement is the exact of a cat, which has spotted a ball of yarn and is eager to play with it, and the dance movements that follow, such as the twirl and arm movements, exactly give the feeling of a cat extending its paws to tap the ball of yarn. Here, the performers are seen to use the maximum space in stage, as they cover up the foreground as well as the background. The characters have been well developed and portrayed, not only do they have great costumes, but they have been able to capture the essence of domestic felines to the best extent. The various dance moves, such as the short leaps represent the movement of real cats, such as when they pounce on their preys etc, thus communicating feelings of victory, happiness etc. Therefore, it becomes clear how dance is used to express or communicate feelings and thoughts through theatre, and moreover, the music or scores are seen to strengthen the portrayal of these thoughts and feelings, thus helping the audience to better grasp the storyline as well as the major

Translational Heading Control of a Hovering Platform

Translational Heading Control of a Hovering Platform Translational Heading Control of a Hovering Platform using Multiple Control Logic The main objective of this project is to design an attitude control system of a nonlinear and unstable system, which is a Hovercraft, a machine that can move on the land or water, and it is supported by cushion that has high compressed air inside. Attitude control of the hovercraft is considered a major challenge because of the friction offered by skirt and the aircushion. The main idea of this project is the development of a wireless controlled hovercraft testbed connected to a computer. The proposed control strategy for the attitude stabilization will be based upon Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) and Fuzzy Logic for the comparison of transient response, steady-state error and input output constraints satisfaction by the user. Thus ensuring if any disturbances are inflicted on the hovercraft, the controllers will be able to maintain the desired position. The reference for the attitude control will be provided from the computer. The magnetometer will measure the attitude in real-time and controllers will be implemented on myRIO. TABLE OF Contents Declaration Final Year Project Acknowledgements Abstract CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Framework 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Scope 1.4 Report Structure CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Recent Study References 1.1 Project Framework The hovercraft is a fascinating ground vehicle that possesses the unique ability to float above land or water. Riding on a cushion of air endows the hovercraft with many interesting and useful properties. Unlike wheeled robots, which feature constrained kinematics, the hovercraft can move freely in any direction. For example, although the lateral direction of travel is not usually actuated, the hovercraft is completely free to move sideways. In addition, the Coulomb damping acting on a hovercraft is minimal. The translational and attitude control perception of a hovercraft can be protracted to many control uses. A hovercraft that can rotate and attains a desired position while being mobile at the same time is designed and developed using motors, H-bridge motor driver, battery, magnetometer and NI myRIO. The controllers are designed using the software NI LabVIEW, which are then compiled and burnt on a NI hardware myRIO. The purpose of the control is to estimate the attitude of the platform with the help of sensors. Thus resulting in the use of the attained information from the sensors to make the propellers rotate in the required direction to sustain or alter the position of the hovercraft. An angular position based on the response of the control will be provided to the magnetometer. The response of the control will be transmitted through the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control, which will either make the dc motors work clockwise or anticlockwise for the translation, and attitude control of the hovercraft. These values are then added and returned to the actuator, which requires this for the production a counter torque used to set the required position of the mobile hovercraft. Fuzzy Logic and PID controllers both will be implemented and used for this project where a detailed comparison will also be performed between the two using NI LabVIEW software and NI myRIO hardware. 1.2 Objectives The aim is to develop the proposed controlled strategy for the attitude and translational control of a hovercraft, which will be based upon PID, and Fuzzy Logic set with myRIO that will measure and compute the comparison of transient response, steady-state error, and input output constraints by the user and other key parameters. All the controllers will be designed in NI LabVIEW and implemented on NI myRIO. Development of a testbed based upon multi-rotor hovercraft. Control of translational and rotational movements through wireless link. Development and testing of PID controller for the attitude control of Hovercraft. Development and testing of Fuzzy controller for the attitude control of Hovercraft. Performance comparison (Transient response, peak time, settling time, steady-state error) of above mentioned controllers. 1.3 Scope The opportunities for gaining knowledge through this project will be: Using material available easily for the development of the mobile hovercraft. Translational and heading Control of the hovercraft using NI LabVIEW Using a magnetometer for the measurement of the incline along Z-axis. Understanding the working of translational and heading control and interfacing sensors at the same time. Using NI myRIO as the mainboard of the mobile hovercraft. Implementation of PID Controller on NI myRIO. Use of PID for the attitude control of the hovercraft. Implementation of Fuzzy Controller on NI myRIO. Use of Fuzzy Controller for the attitude control of the hovercraft. Measuring the Key Parameters (transient response, steady-state error etc.) of both the controllers. Performing a comparison between both the balancing controllers. 1.4 Report Structure As a summary, the flow of this report is briefly described below: Chapter 1: Introduction that provides the background, objectives and scope of the Project. Chapter 2: Literature review of the recent studies based on this project. Also contains a brief description of the different concepts used. 2.1 Recent Study Hovercraft is an air cushion vehicle, ACV, equipped for voyaging over land, water, mud or ice and different surfaces [1]. Many control techniques have been used to compromise for issues like computer torque methods [2], developed on the foundation of PID feedback [3] [4]. Optimal control [5], adaptive control [6], variable structure control (VSC) [7], neural networks (NNs), and fuzzy systems [8] are a few of the recommended control techniques. On the other hand, these strategies are only possible when the mechanical dynamic forces of the hovercraft are well known. A detailed study on the two above mentioned controller techniques i.e. PID and Fuzzy will be carried out for the control of the mobile platform. A hovercraft is not quite the same as other more ordinary, earthbound vehicle in that it requires no surface contact for footing and it can move unreservedly over an assortment of surface while bolstered ceaselessly on a self-produced pad of air. Researches have been made to concentrate the outline qualities and working rule of the air cushion vehicle, and utilize standard estimations to decide the lift powers required. The measurements of the air hole created are likewise computed particularly. The push powers required are enormously lessened because of the decrease in frictional strengths [1]. A famous inventor named Christopher Cockrell in 1955 devised the idea of hovercraft. It is a new means of transportation. The hovercraft is different from other transportation vehicles in a way that it has no contact with the ground and it rides on a cushion of air hence known as Air-Cushion-Vehicle (ACV). He carried out a set of experiments to observe and learn the force that an air jet could produce. Encouraged by the results he designed and made a simple hovercraft, which was a plate with a hole in the middle. A fan supplied the airflow through the hole lifting the plate off the ground. This design was far from optimal. The pressure of the fan was not used efficiently and obstacles in the surface were a problem. After this first design, the hovercraft has undergone a lot of development. British government provided funding for the development of hovercrafts because they saw possibilities to use it for military purposes. In 1959, the first hovercraft prototype crossed the English Ch annel. In 1962, a passenger service by hovercraft began. The largest passenger hovercraft in the world is used for the Dover to Calais crossing. It can carry 380 passengers and 40 cars. It can attain a speed of 70 mph (miles per hour), which makes it one of the fastest ferries in the world [9]. In a research paper the author, Michael McPeake discussed about the history of the hovercraft in 2004. The author discussed the very early hovercraft used named SR.N1. This hovercraft was considered the first real craft because most of the other hovercrafts at that time resembled the planes. The skirt size used on this model was 6 inches long and later to enhance the speed they shortened the skirt size to 4.5 inches and converting to gas turbine engines hence this doubled the speed of the hovercraft. In the book written by R. M. W. Sanders, the author used Electro Cruiser, an amphibious hovercraft as his experimental model. In order to analyze the hovercraft model, the author derived a dynamical model of the hovercraft with the Newton-Euler method. The author only conducted the simulation study and not tested the controller strategy with the real hardware [9]. The U.S Naval Army used the hovercraft in Vietnam. For two years, they used hovercraft against the Vietnamese guerrillas and for ground combat. The hovercraft model they used named SR-5. After the war, the last SK-5 became a showpiece at museum [9]. At the University of Moratuwa, a project was carried out in which they made a testbed to analyze the potential capabilities of a hovercraft [10]. The students at University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign also have made a hovercraft testbed for Cooperative control [11]. From the study of paper Comparison between PID And Fuzzy Controllers Used In Mobile Robot Control, where a comparison has been performed between the concerned controllers, it is known that the main issue in the fuzzy controller is that it takes a longer time for computation as compared to the PID controller. The reason for this delay is due to the fuzzification of the inputs, calculation of the experiment through inference and defuzzification of the outputs [12]. In paper Amphibious hovercraft course control based on support vector machines adaptive PID, adaptive PID controller based on support vector machines (SVM) is applied in the course control of a hovercraft, but no comparison was performed using other controllers. This control technique demonstrates that the controller designed accomplishes high dynamic and enduring exhibitions, which brings another viable technique to take care of the issue of air cushion vehicle course control [13]. Other techniques like flatness based approach, dynamic feedback control and neural networks are applied as supplementary controllers to aid the PID controller by refining the forces against the turmoil [14]. Fuzzy Logic has been applied in the paper Fuzzy reasoning as a control problem, but no hardware experimentation has been performed. Fuzzy logic is commonly used for characterizing human speech terms into mathematical expressions for the controlling of a system. The steps taken to form the optimal rules for this logic are rather time consuming. Despite this drawback, this controller operates better than PID controllers due to their non-linear functions, which therefore lead to infinite advantages [15]. Although many comparisons have been performed over the years between PID and Fuzzy Controllers. The goal of this bachelor project is to set up a feedback controlled laboratory hovercraft using NI myRIO as a real-time controller. Apart from control, designing the electrical and mechanical system for this hovercraft is also a part of the assignment. [1] V. Abhiram, A Study On Construction and Working Principle of a Hovercraft, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 308-313, 2014. [2] G. B. G. a. T. N. M. Nafar, Using modified fuzzy particle swarm optimation algorithm for parameter estimation of surge arresters models, International Journal of Innovative Computing, Information and Control, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 567-581, 2012. [3] J. J. Criag, Introduction to Robotics, New Jersey: Mass: Addison Wisley, 2004. [4] M. V. M. W. Spong, Robot Dynamics and Control, New York: J.Wiley Sons, 2003. [5] I. C. J. C. a. C. S. W.H. H. S.H. Chen, Design of stable and Quardratic-Optimal Static Output Feedback Controllers for TS-Fuzzy-Model-Based Control Systems, 8: 1, 2012. [6] K.-S. S. T.-H. S. L. a. S.-H. Tsai, Observer-based adaptive Fuzzy Robust controller with self-adjusted membership functions for a class of uncertain MIMO non-linear systems, International Journal of Innovative Computing and Control, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 1419-1437, 2012. [7] J. Z. P. S. a. Y. Xia, Robust Adaptive Sliding-Mode Control for Fuzzy Systems with mismatched uncertainties, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 18, no. 4, pp. 700-711, 2010. [8] O. D. a. .. H. H. S. C. Elmas, Adaptive fuzzy logic controller for DC-DC converters, Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 36, no. 2, pp. 1540-1548, 2009. [9] M. McPeake, History of Hovercraft, Ms Giffen Tech High Senior Engineering, New York, 2012. [10] Project Hovercraft, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Moratuwa, 2014. [11] First-year engineering students get creative at IEFX Explorations, Urbana-Champaign, 2016. [Online]. Available: www.mechanical.illinois.edu. [12] N. P. a. O. C. C. Popescu, Comparison between PID And Fuzzy Controllers Used In Mobile Robot Control, Annals of DAAAM Proceedings, vol. 13, no. 2, p. 223, 2011. [13] Z. L. M. F. a. C. W. X. Shi, Amphibious hovercraft course control based on support vector machines adaptive PID, IEEE International Conference on Automation and Logistics (ICAL), pp. 287-292, 2011. [14] H. S.-R. a. C. A. Ibanez, The control of the hovercraft system: a flatness based approach, IEEE International Conference on Control Applications. Conference Proceedings, pp. 692-697, 2000. [15] K.-Y. C. a. L. Zhang, Fuzzy reasoning as a control problem, IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 600-614, 2008.

The Natural Communities Conservation Planning (NCCP) Act of 1991 and Ca

The Natural Communities Conservation Planning (NCCP) Act of 1991 and California The Natural Communities Conservation Planning (NCCP) Act of 1991 was established by the California Legislature, is directed by the Department of Fish and Game, and is being implemented by the state, and public and private partnerships to protect habitat in California1. As opposed to the single species interpretation of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), this act aims at protecting many species using a regional approach to habitat preservation. Douglas Wheeler has written a nice synopsis of the NCCP within the context of the history of conservation of habitat. The NCCP is a program that is meant to have voluntary multi-stakeholder cooperation in planning, management and funding. In Southern California the target habitat is Coastal Sage Scrub (CSS), home to the federally "threatened" California Gnatcatcher. Conservation is needed, particularly in Orange County, because of the large-scale development of homes, businesses, and roads. The listing of the California Gnatcatcher as a "threatened" species and the dwindling numbers of other CSS dependent species are a testament to the need for whole-habitat preservation. For instance, CSS habitat includes other birds and organisms in need of protection, including the Coastal Cactus Wren and the Orange-throated Whiptail Lizard. The single species approach moves very slowly and often species go extinct before any listing is allowed. In the meantime, other species require protection and are placed as a last priority. The ESA, many conservationists argue, was always meant to be an act aimed at supporting multi-species preservation. With the leisurely pace at which legislation moves and with the single-species ... ...s Wheeler Link: http://www.ceres.ca.gov/CRA/PressReleases/nccp_wheeler_fall9 5.html Coastal Sage Scrub Links: http://envirolink.org/FSCR/Watershed103/ws3014.html http://www.calpoly.edu/~dchippin/zonecoast.html Artemesia californica graphic: http://rain.org/~mkummel/flora/artcal.html Other Coastal Plants Link: http://ceres.ca.gov/ceres/calweb/coastal/plants/scrub.html California Gnatcatcher (Polioptila californica californica) Link: http://www.fws.gov/~r9endspp/i/b6w.html California Gnatcatcher and other CSS species Link: http://www.epa.gov/EPA-SPECIES/1995/June/Day-21/pr-304.html San Diego County NCCP Link: http://resources.ca.gov/CRA/NCCP/nccp_san_diego.html Interim Management Link: http://www.ceres.ca.gov/CRA/NCCP/nccp_coastal_sage_scrub.htm l Biological Corridors Link: http://www.safnet.org/policy/psst/psst24.html

Richard Brandt

Richard Brandt: Rule Utilitarianism Chapter two in our book Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment covers different philosopher’s views on Rule Utilitarianism and how it is applied to misconduct and unlawful acts. In Richard Brandt’s discussion he raises three questions that should be addressed when identifying our American system of punishment. What is justifiable punishment for a criminals past actions? What are good principles of punishment? What defenses should be used as good excuses to keep someone from being punished? Our actions should be guided by a set of prescriptions the conscientious following of which by all would have maximum net expectable utility† (Brandt, 1972). In Utilitarianism they choose the set of rules or practices that would produce the greatest net expectable utility if everyone followed them.Net Expectable Utility is a more positive outcome for a higher percentage of the population. Brandt believes our system of punishment is based on three assumptions: (1) Fear of punishment deters criminal behavior. (2) Imprisonment or fines make repeat offenders less likely. 3) Imprisonment stops the criminal from harming society while that person is in prison or incarcerated. â€Å"Punishment is itself an evil, and hence should be avoided where this is consistent with the public good. Punishment should have precisely such a degree of severity that the probable disutility of greater severity just balances the probable gain in utility (less crime because of more serious threat)†(p. 94). I have to agree with Brandt on this view because if the punishment does not fit the crime, criminal behavior is sure to be more prevalent.I’m a firm believer in scaring the malicious minds into acting lawfully and abiding by the law in order to keep the majority of the public safe. Brandt says that the cost should be counted along with the value of what is bought. This means to me that the punishment HAS to equal, if not be greater , then the crime. He also says that many criminals will go undetected and because of that some penalties will have to be so severe that the risks outweigh the gain in whatever the crime might be.Another agreeable point Brandt makes is that the more serious crimes should carry the heavier penalties not just for prevention of the crime but also to motivate the criminals to commit a less serious rather then a more serious crime. To make sure that the same punishment be inflicted on any social status, and that the same suffering is felt from the crime, Brandt says that heavier fines would be given to a richer man then to a poorer man. If a rich man were to receive the same fine as a poor man it may barely give him any suffering at all.While if a poor man met the same penalty financially as a rich man he may remain in debt for the remainder of his life. Brandt then begins to speak Jeremy Bentham and of such â€Å"excuses† that would not make a person criminally liable for a crime. He first mentions that a man who committed a crime that was not yet a law cannot later be punished for it. I have to agree here because you aren’t breaking the law if it isn’t one yet. I also, however, believe that if that prior â€Å"non-law† is severe enough and the evidence is still applicable in court then the person can be tried and found guilty after the fact.His second excuse is that the law had not yet been made public. In order for the public to know they are performing a unlawful act they must first know that what they are doing is against the law and can result in punishment and fines. The third excuse is that if the offender was an infant, insane or intoxicated they should also be excused of the crime. I think that underage and insane offenders may have a legitimate excuse, and the same may go for the intoxicated but in order for the intoxicated to be excused from punishment, it must not be voluntary intoxication.Bentham then says the offender can b e excused if they were ignorant of the possible consequences and thought they were acting in a lawful way. I don’t agree with this view because it is the citizens responsibility to know that he or she is acting unlawfully and what the consequences of their actions may be. â€Å"I didn’t know I couldn’t do that† is something police officers hear all the time and if they let everyone who said that to them go free they’d probably be out of a job. Bentham’s final excuse is â€Å"that the motivation to commit the offense was so strong that no threat of law could prevent the crime† (Brandt, 1972).I believe that some offenders get angry enough to ignore the consequences of the crime they about to commit but this is still not excuse for breaking the law and the law should still be applied to these people. How would a judge be able to determine if someone was acting maliciously or out of pure emotion? Richard Brandt states that Bentham’ s legal defenses need some amending. He says that not punishing in certain cases will reduce the amount of suffering brought to the public by the law and that by not punishing in all of these cases will cause a â€Å"negligible increase in the incidence of crime† (Brandt, 1972).Brandt says that the utilitarian is committed to defend the concept of â€Å"strict liability† in order to get a strong deterrent effect when everyone knows that all behavior of a certain sort would be punished. When speaking of impulsive actions that lead to criminal actions Brandt says that people who commit impulsive crimes in the heat of anger don’t think about the consequences of their action and therefore would not be deterred by a stricter law.He also says that these people are unlikely to repeat the crime so that a smaller sentence should be given to them in order to save a good man for society. I like this idea but I find it hard to agree with completely. Who is to say which crim es are impulsive and which crimes are premeditated? Of course, some circumstances make it obvious which are impulsive for example, a man saving a small child or woman from a kidnapper and killing them in the process, but many crimes can be called impulsive and therefore let a man who isn’t telling the truth receive a lesser punishment for his crime.Richard Brandt says that some say utilitarianism needs to view imprisonment for crime in the same light as quarantining and individual. He uses the example of someone being quarantined after being diagnosed with leprosy. They are taken away from public for the greater good of the public in order to not spread disease. We cannot treat criminals the same however. Criminals need to be shown punishment for their crime so going to prison cannot be made comfortable to them.It has to be a time of sorrow and pity so that it both fears prospective criminals and prevents criminals from becoming repeat offenders. Most criminals will be allowe d back into society after severing their time, lepers will never see society again. â€Å"There is a difference between the kind of treatment justified on utilitarian grounds for a person who may have to make a sacrifice for the public welfare through no fault of his own, and for a person who is required to make a sacrifice because he has selfishly and deliberately trampled on the rights of others, in clear view f the fact that if he is apprehended society must make an example of him† (Brandt, 1972) My favorite part of this section is when Richard Brandt compared the utilitarian view of punishment to that of a parent with a child. A parent lets the child know of the rules, about how to be safe, and about right and wrong. The child must know of the bad act before he or she can be punished for it. A parent will give a more severe punishment to their child according to what they have done to break a rule.The parent establishes rules for the â€Å"future good of the child† (Brandt, 1972). All this is done to make life at home tolerable and to ensure that the future of the child is a bright and successful one, punishment is an essential part of every one of our lives and whether we are avoiding it or being put through punishment, it is for the greater good. WORKS CITED Brandt, Richard. (1972). Rule utilitarinism (iii). In G Ezorsky (Ed. ), Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment (pp. 93-101). Albany: State University of New York Press

A Report Into Consumer Behavioural Theory

Understanding consumer behaviour allows us to engage more effectively with our target market and increase sales * It is vital we understand the needs of our target market and their motivation for purchasing Benecol or alternative products. * Giving Value to a product after we understand our consumers’ needs and motivation for purchase can increase positive interaction with our market. * When marketing a product, it is advised that the advertisement attaches itself best to the needs and value of consumers with relevant and engaging information. Creating a psychological struggle for customers as well as curing it can be vital to increase market share and customer satisfaction. * Overcoming pre-purchase alternatives to Benecol is a great challenge due to the highly saturated market the brand finds itself in, although this is not impossible as promotion of the products health benefits can lift it. * Consumers can be conditioned to relate to Benecol both consciously and unconsciously through various marketing and production techniques. Marketing strategies can be put in place which are directly or indirectly linked to the purchase or use of the product that gain short or long term boosts in sales or customer satisfaction such as sales promotions or school giveaways to promote health in children which improves brand reputation. * Taking advantage of every point of interaction between the product and the consumer can greatly increase the likelihood that a customer will become loyal to the brand and perhaps even aid the increase of market share. Introduction Consumer behavioural theory gives marketing departments the opportunity to gain a more effective understanding of the customers they have or wish to attain. The theories attached to this subject emotional, cognitive and psychological reaction to marketing and brand management. The following is a report on consumer behaviour related to the Benecol brand with the intention to gain a better organisational understanding of marketing theories and methods relevant to the specific brand. Due to the market segmentation of Benecol, the report largely aims to focus on consumer behaviour closely linked to health and food products, as well as applying more general consumer behavioural theory where relevant. As the relevant theories to consumer behaviour in the case of Benecol are outlined, recommendations will be made in order to aid the company in customer acquisition, retention and satisfaction. Motivation and Need Recognition In assembling this report it was understood that many theories of behavioural aspects of marketing are derived from an organisation’s awareness and understand of its target markets’ needs and desires and those who utilise this most effectively are often the most successful brands. For instance, Coca-Cola has no health benefits, therefore it is marketed as hedonistic product and the more its target market become increasingly health-conscious the more Coke will play on its slogan ‘enjoy’, whilst also increasing its market share in other ways, i. e. hrough the purchase of shares in drinks companies that promote health (Macalister & Teather, 2010). The need or desire that is recognised by Benecol’s products is clearly the reduction of cholesterol, the motivation for this is increased health as well as Benecol’s ease of use. The motivation for buying a product that increases the health of the consumer is self-evident in many ways. Value Theory Many researchers have suggested that consumers are ‘value driven’ and find that the enjoyment of a product is balanced between what is given and what is received (Torben, 2005). In short, this theory argues the following factors are counted when a future purchase is considered: From this, it could be argued that Benecol’s price and quality are subjective to the customer as the benefits from use of said product are only noticeable long-term and the economic cost of the range are noticeably, although not unreasonably, higher than alternatives. However, the value the product gives to the consumer from a marketing perspective will be discussed in greater details through other behavioural theories as the above chart is too rudimentary to give explicit argument to Benecol’s potential without more exploration. Information Processing Something highly intrinsic to the product value of Benecol is the emphasis on being ‘the only range of foods to contain Plant Stanol Ester, a unique cholesterol lowering ingredient. ’ (Rasio Plc. , 2011). Getting this information to the public through advertising happens through the brand website, but on television the advertising is focused on basic prompts that will motivate the audience into believing in the benefits of using the product. One example is the latest UK advert which places stress on the convenience of the product with a line in fairly small print about the plant stanol ester underneath the visual of how easy it can be to help lower cholesterol. The information of stanols is considered secondary in marketing the convenience product and therefore is only likely absorbed by those already interested in the product or the advertising. Dissonance This theory is based on a consumer’s cognitive struggle where two beliefs that are reasoned to be true are not consistent. This process of a cognitive clash brings about a motivation to come to a positive conclusion where a psychological compromise can occur to bring an end to the inconsistency, therefore ending the dissonance (Torben, 2005). By advertising the negative effects rival products can have on a consumer’s health, Benecol creates a struggle within the consumer’s mind that whilst they enjoy their regular food and dairy products, they are damaging to their health by creating large amounts of cholesterol. Benecol is then introduced as an alternative to health-damaging products that bridges the psychological inconsistencies in the consumer’s mind by offering a products that helps prevent cholesterol whilst not taking enjoyment away from eating. By offering advertisement reinforced with clinically proven information, the customer is also limited in averting the dissonance caused by Benecol’s initial information about rival product. Benecol therefore markets by initiating dissonance and then promoting a solution to end the consumer’s self-conflict. Balance Theory and Modelling This motivational theory argues that ‘people desire cognitive consistency in their drive to achieve psychological balance in their thoughts, feelings and social relationships’ (Dacko, 2008). In relation to marketing, consumer can be attracted or put off of a product due to a linked influencer even if it is not directly linked to the product, also known as modelling. For example, a woman could be attracted to an anti-wrinkle cream if she sees it endorsed by Dame Helen Mirren because she is a fan of the actress’ work and beauty. Similarly, if an organisation were thinking of using Accenture, a deal could have been negatively affected due to the unrelated infidelities of Tiger Woods, had the latter not ceased to sponsor him when they did. The theory promoted by Benecol is the trifecta of a person balancing convenience, taste and health. Ergo, Benecol is promoted as a product that does not impede on the consumer’s convenience from daily routine in preparing food, manages to taste as good as unhealthy products whilst being a product that promotes good health. Although it has done in the past with Carol Vorderman, Benecol currently does not market its product using celebrity endorsement, something that its rivals, Activia and Actimel do in the UK. Although these products are not exactly the same as Benecol, they produce many products in the same market advertising similar benefits, such as yoghurts and mini-drinks that aid well-being. Pre-purchase Alternative Evaluation This theory bases its argument on the focus that a customer makes a cognitive and emotional decision on the alternatives to the product in question before a purchase is made. Through judging the price, quality and branding of the products in question cognitively, a consumer will then make their decision based on the positive or negative effects that the previous factors will have on their life. As Benecol is marketed as an alternative to unhealthy dairy staples such as yoghurts and spreads, it is undeniable that the market that Benecol is placed in is highly competitive. Benecol spread is nearly twice as expensive as similar products including own brand olive spreads that cost under half the price for twice the weight of product (Ocado, 2011). The following is a statement from international brand analysts Datamonitor in a report for the UK dairy industry: ‘From the consumer's point of view, dairy products may be used directly as food or beverages, or ingredients for other home-made foods. There are a wide range of foods and drinks that can be used in similar ways to dairy products, so if dairy prices raise too high, it is easy for consumers to replace them with alternatives. This reduces the pricing freedom of retailers and market players. Some of the alternatives may have advantages for retailers, such as cheaper storage or higher margins. The threat of substitutes is assessed here as strong, although dairy products are important parts of most peoples' diet and are unlikely to be completely replaced’ (Datamonitor, 2008). From this we see that Benecol has the challenge to promote the positive effects it can have on a consumer’s life rather than any economic benefits it may possess, unless it was marketed in a way that suggested it could save customers money in the long-term as a prevention of high spending due to ill-health. This however is playing on consumer fear and would not be recommended as a means of increasing customer acquisition, retention or satisfaction. Classical Conditioning This theory refers to an argument that consumers can be programmed into acting without being conscious of their conditioning. Through classical conditioning it is argued that by stimulating different emotional states in a consumer through the use of marketing, product placement, packaging or use, the consumer’s approach to the product becomes altered to act immediately with a certain approach to a product that is involuntary (East, Wright, & Vanhuele, 2008). With Benecol, it could be argued that consumers are conditioned into both positive and negative emotional reactions through our marketing. The deep mint green logo surrounded by a heart blended with soft, sky blue backgrounds in our packaging and advertising is warming and few products in the same or similar markets share the same colour scheme so not only are we unique in our packaging so when customers do see similar colours, they are quickly linked back to Benecol which aids them to buy more. As mentioned in relation to other theories of consumer behaviour, fear plays a large part in motivating one to purchase an item which promotes health. Although as a company it would not be ethical to play on fear to boost sales, there is no denying the very real possibility that consumers are motivated to purchase goods when they are conditioned to understand that not doing so could lead them to health problems down the line.